Mapa Conceptual (Bridges)

GLOSSARY: The Art of Structural Design - a Swiss Legacy

1) The Art of Structural Design: el arte del diseño estructural

2) Swiss legacy: legado suizo

3) Lecture: conferencia, charla, cátedra

4) Ambassador: embajador

5) Switzerland: Suiza

6) Planning and logistics: planificación y logística

7) Architecture computing: arquitectura computacional 

8) Architecting design: diseño de arquitectura 

9) Static: estático

10) Consulate of Switzerland and Boston: Consulado de Suiza y Boston

11) MIT Museum: Museo del MIT

12)MIT counselor for the arts: Consulado de Artes del MIT

14) Department of Civil Environmental and Geometrics Engineering ETH Zurich: 

17) Scholar: alumno, erudito, estudiante

18) Scholarship: beca

19) Exhibit: exposición

20) Scale models: modelos a escala

21) Aim: objetivo , propósito

22) Slide rule: regal de cálculos

23) The Alps: Los Alpes

24) Climb up: subir

25) Convey: transmitir, llevar, transportar

26) Display: mostrar, exhibir

27) Slide roll: diapositivas

28) Tie class: pisa corbata

29) Educator: educador

30)Maillart’s Salginatobel Bridge: Puente Salginatobel de Maillart

31) George Washitong Bridge: Puente George Washington

32) Heimberg tennis center: centro de tennis Heimberg

33) Boston bridge: Puente de Boston

34) Poster: cartel, afiche

35) Outline: contorno, esbozo

36) Gotthard Pass: paso de San Gotardo

37) Devil’s bridge: Puente del diablo

38) Commercial route: ruta comercial

39) Zurich Federal Institute of Technology

41) Chair professor: professor titular

42) Researcher: investigador

43) Practitioner: profesional

45) Stack: apilar

46) Fake wall

47) Hollow buck bridge

48) Deck: cubierta

49) Real walls

50) Stiffness: rigidez

51) Deflation: deflación

52) Stressness: tensión

53) Hotel Concordia

54) Cracks: grietas

55) Inter force: fuerza interna

56) Rubble: escombros

57) Pressure line: presión de línea

58) Bending: flexibilidad 

59) Reinforcement: reforzamiento

60) Thicker: más grueso

61) Rid of material: deshacerse del material

62) Saldina Topel Bridge

63) Bending moment: momento flector

64) 3- hinged arch: arco de 3 bisagras 

65) Smoothly curve: curvado ligeramente

66) Slide movement of foundations: movimientos de los cimientos

67) Overview: perspectiva

68) Drains: desagues

69) AutoCAD: AutoCAD,

70) Tall buildings: edificios altos

71) Columbian exposition

72) Steel bridges: puentes de acero

73) Bayonne Bridge: puente Bayonne

74) Suspension bridge: puente colgante 

Bridges

A bridge is a structure built to span physical obstacles such as a body of water, valley, or road, for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle. There are many different designs that all serve unique purposes and apply to different situations. Designs of bridges vary depending on the function of the bridge, the nature of the terrain where the bridge is constructed and anchored, the material used to make it, and the funds available to build it.

The first bridges were made by nature itself — as simple as a log fallen across a stream or stones in the river. The first bridges made by humans were probably spans of cut wooden logs or planks and eventually stones, using a simple support and crossbeam arrangement. Some early Americans used trees or bamboo poles to cross small caverns or wells to get from one place to another. A common form of lashing sticks, logs, and deciduous branches together involved the use of long reeds or other harvested fibers woven together to form a connective rope capable of binding and holding together the materials used in early bridges.

18^th Century

During the 18th century there were many innovations in the design of timber bridges by Hans Ulrich, Johannes Grubenmann, and others. The first book on bridge engineering was written by Hubert Gautier in 1716. A major breakthrough in bridge technology came with the erection of the Iron Bridge in Coalbrookdale, England in 1779. It used cast iron for the first time as arches to cross the river Severn.

With the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, truss systems of wrought iron were developed for larger bridges, but iron did not have the tensile strength to support large loads. With the advent of steel, which has a high tensile strength, much larger bridges were built, many using the ideas of Gustave Eiffel.

In 1927 welding pioneer Stefan Bryła designed the first welded road bridge in the world, which was later built across the river Słudwia Maurzyce near Łowicz, Poland in 1929. In 1995, the American Welding Society presented the Historic Welded Structure Award for the bridge to Poland.

Types of bridges

Bridges can be categorized in several different ways. Common categories include the type of structural elements used, by what they carry, whether they are fixed or movable, and by the materials used.

Structure type

Bridges may be classified by how the forces of tension, compression, bending, torsion and shear are distributed through their structure. Most bridges will employ all of the principal forces to some degree, but only a few will predominate. The separation of forces may be quite clear. In a suspension or cable-stayed span, the elements in tension are distinct in shape and placement. In other cases the forces may be distributed among a large number of members, as in a truss, or not clearly discernible to a casual observer as in a box beam.

The Art of Structural Design: A Swiss Legacy

http://video.mit.edu/watch/the-art-of-structural-design-a-swiss-legacy-9894/

David P. Billington, Gordon Y.S. Wu Professor of Engineering; Princeton University; 

Description: Bridges serve a utilitarian purpose, but they should also please the eye. David P. Billington celebrates an influential group of Swiss structural engineers who forged a tradition of bridge-building in the 20th century that united form and function with unprecedented grace. His lecture describes the offerings of an exhibit at the MIT Museum that showcases the works of Robert Maillart (1872-1940), Othmar Ammann (1879-1965), Heinz Isler (b. 1926), and Christian Menn (b. 1927). These architects, inspired by masterful teachers of the Zurich Federal Institute of Technology, first honed their exacting designs in the rugged mountains of Switzerland, and then branched out to the rest of the world. Billington describes Maillart's iconic, 1930 Salginatobel Bridge, high in the Alps, which improves on old Roman bridge designs using a 3-hinged arch and reinforced concrete. He toasts Ammann's Verrazzano Narrows and George Washington Bridges as well as Menn's very recent Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge in Boston, the widest cable-stayed bridge in the world. Billington believes these are structures that will "outlast all our lives, enrich the environment and not desecrate it."

About the Speaker(s): David P. Billington has written several books on Robert Maillart's work as well as on other aspects of structural engineering. Billington was a Fulbright Fellow, and won the 1992 George Winter Award from the American Society of Civil Engineers. He has consulted for the State of Maryland on bridge design and for the State of New Jersey on highway accidents. He is a member of the American Society of Civil Engineering, among other professional affiliations. He has taught at Princeton since 1960.